DRUG DESCRIPTION
Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Oxytocin synthetic, acts on the smooth muscle of the uterus to stimulate contractions; response depends on the uterine threshold of excitability. It exerts a selective action on the smooth musculature of the uterus, particularly toward the end of pregnancy, during labor and immediately following delivery. Oxytocin stimulates rhythmic contractions of the uterus, increases the frequency of existing contractions and raises the tone of the uterine musculature. Synthetic oxytocin elicits only slight pressor and antidiuretic activity due to the absence of vasopressin. (Hypertension has been observed resulting from concomitant use of oxytocics and continuous caudal block anesthesia). tag_IndicationsIndications Indications And Clinical Uses: Important Notice: Oxytocin is not indicated for the elective induction of labor. Elective induction of labor is defined as the initiation of labor for convenience in an individual with a term pregnancy, who is free of medical indications for the initiation of labor. Oxytocin is indicated in the following: Antepartum: For induction of labor in patients with a medical indication for the initiation of labor, such as Rh problems, maternal diabetes, mild pre-eclampsia at or near term, when delivery is in the best interest of mother and fetus, or when membranes are prematurely ruptured and delivery indicated. For stimulation or reinforcement of labor as in selected cases of uterine inertia. As adjunctive therapy in the management of incomplete or inevitable abortion. Postpartum: To produce uterine contractions during the third stage of labor and to control postpartum bleeding and hemorrhage. Contra-Indications: Significant cephalopelvic disproportion. Severe toxemia. Malpresentation or malposition of the fetus or placenta previa. Prematurity or unripe cervix. Predisposition to uterine rupture (grand multiparity, overdistention of the uterus, previous cesarean section or other surgery involving the uterus). Hypertonic labor patterns. Prolonged use in uterine inertia. Factors predisposing to thromboplastin or amniotic fluid embolism (prolonged retention of dead fetus, abruptio placentae). Serious medical and obstetric conditions and any conditions in which fetal distress already occurs. Inability of physician to be in attendance. Hypersensitivity to oxytocin. tag_WarningWarnings Manufacturers' Warnings In Clinical States: Oxytocin, when given for induction or stimulation of labor, must be administered only by the i.v. route and with adequate medical supervision in a hospital (see Precautions). Precautions: The following should be borne in mind when using oxytocin injection: 1. Use only under close medical/obstetrical supervision. 2. Never administer i.v. undiluted oxytocin, or use in high concentrations. 3. Oxytocin must not be used by more than one route simultaneously, e.g., parenteral and buccal, or parenteral and nasal. When given for induction and stimulation of labor, Oxytocin Injection, USP must only be used as i.v. drip infusion, and not by i.m., nor by direct i.v. injection. Careful monitoring (blood pressure, fetal heart rate, possible tocometry) is vital, in order to adjust dosage according to the individual response: if uterine activity interferes at any time with fetal heart rate, the infusion should be discontinued. In patients with cardiovascular disorders, the infusion volume should be kept low by using a more concentrated solution. All patients receiving i.v. oxytocin must be under continuous observation by trained personnel with a thorough knowledge of the drug and qualified to identify complications. A physician qualified to manage any complications should be immediately available. When properly administered, oxytocin should stimulate uterine contractions similar to those seen in normal labor. Overstimulation of the uterus by improper administration can be hazardous to both mother and fetus. Even with proper administration and adequate supervision, hypertonic contractions can occur in patients whose uteri are hypersensitive to oxytocin. Drug Interactions: Oxytocin should be used with special caution in conjunction with cyclopropane anesthesia since the risk of arrhythmias may be increased. In instances where a vasoconstrictor drug is administered prophylactically in conjunction with continuous caudal block anesthesia, severe hypertension may occur when oxytocin is given within 3 to 6 hours of administration of the vasoconstrictor drug. Sudden, marked elevation of blood pressure occurring under these circumstances has been reported to respond to i.v. administration of chlorpromazine. Prostaglandin E2 acts synergistically with oxytocin and the simultaneous parenteral administration of this product usually results in a substantial reduction in the quantity of oxytocin required. When oral prostaglandin E2 has been employed, the infusion of oxytocin should not be started until at least 1 hour has elapsed following the last dose of prostaglandin E2. A suitable time period should elapse, usually the following day, before prostaglandin E2 is to be administered to patients who have previously received oxytocin. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: There are no animal or human studies on the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of this drug, nor is there any information on its effect on fertility. Pregnancy: Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with oxytocin. Based on the wide experience with this drug and its chemical structure and pharmacological properties, it would not be expected to present risk of fetal abnormalities when used as indicated. Adverse Reactions: Water intoxication with headaches and nausea has been reported after prolonged or too rapid i.v. infusion of oxytocin (see Overdose: Symptoms and Treatment). Premature ventricular contractions, fetal bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmia have been noted. Hypotension, tachycardia and ECG changes have been observed following i.v. administration of concentrated solutions. Anxiety, dyspnea, precordial pain, edema, cyanosis or reddening of the skin and cardiovascular spasm and collapse have occurred on rare occasions. In very few cases, anaphylactoic reactions (dyspnea, hypotension shock) occurred. Overdosage may give rise to the following complications: slowing of fetal heart, meconium staining of the amniotic fluid and asphyxia; hypertonic contractions, uterine rupture, retention of the placenta, postpartum uterine inertia. Symptoms And Treatment Of Overdose: I.V. infusion of oxytocin in nonpregnant subjects given at a rate greater than 45 milliunits/minute (4.5 mL/min=90 drops/min using 10 IU/L dilution) has been shown to have an antidiuretic effect comparable to that of vasopressin but of shorter duration. There are also a number of cases reported in the literature where high i.v. doses of oxytocin administered along with a large volume of electrolyte-free fluid have resulted in the development of water intoxication. However, high doses of oxytocin can be given without danger of water intoxication provided that the daily fluid intake is limited at this time. Acute overdosage with oxytocin, therefore, is unlikely in any circumstances and adverse effects are to be expected only if the concomitant fluid intake is excessive.Symptoms: Symptoms of Water Intoxication: Headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, drowsiness, unconsciousness, and grand mal type seizures have been reported. Owing to the excessive retention of water, the serum electrolyte concentration is low. Treatment: Discontinue oxytocin and restrict all fluid intake. Encourage diuresis by administration of a diuretic such as furosemide. The use of i.v. hypertonic sodium chloride solution should be reserved for severe water intoxication with frank CNS disturbance. Careful supervision and, where necessary, correction of electrolyte imbalance should be undertaken, particularly in the diuretic phase. At the end of the diuretic phase, the hypertonic infusion, if used, should be stopped to avoid water retention due to excessive sodium. Control convulsions with judicious use of diazepam or barbiturates. Good nursing care is of prime importance, particularly in the comatose patient; it should include regular observation and accurate recording of the vital signs and depth of coma, maintenance of a free airway, frequent turning and other routine measures usually adopted with unconscious patients. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy in the comatose patient is a matter of individual physician preference. Dosage And Administration: Induction of Labor: I.V. infusion (drip method) is the only acceptable method of administration for the induction or stimulation of labor. Accurate control of the rate of infusion flow is essential. An infusion pump or other such device and frequent monitoring of strength of contractions and fetal heart rate are necessary for the safe administration of oxytocin for the induction or stimulation of labor. If uterine contractions become too powerful, the infusion can be abruptly stopped, and oxytocic stimulation of the uterine musculature will soon wane. Note: Oxytocin is stable in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% Dextrose solution for 24 hours. It is unstable in any solution containing preservatives such as bisulfites and metabisulfites. 10 IU of oxytocin are dissolved in 1 L of 5% dextrose solution (=10 milliunits/mL). To ensure the homogeneity of the drip solution, the bottle or bag must be turned upside down at least once before use. The initial dose should be no more than 1 to 4 mU/min=0.1 to 0.4 mL/min=2 to 8 drops/min. The dose may be increased in increments of no more than 1 to 2 mU/min=0.1 to 0.2 mL/min=2 to 4 drops/min., until a contraction pattern has been established, which is similar to normal labor, to a maximum of 20 mU/min=2 mL/min=40 drops/min, provided fetal heart rate, resting uterine tone and the frequency, duration and force of contractions are carefully monitored. The oxytocin infusion should be discontinued immediately in the event of uterine hyperactivity or fetal distress. If regular contractions are not established after the infusion of 500 mL (=5 IU oxytocin), the attempt to induce labor should be broken off; it can generally be repeated on the following day. Once labor is initiated, the infusion rate is adjusted (usually reduced) according to need. I.V. infusion should be administered only when strictly medically indicated, rather than for convenience. Stimulation of Labor: I.V. infusion (as above). Cases must be strictly selected and doses rigidly controlled. Postpartum Hemorrhage, Postpartum Atony: a) I.V. infusion (see above); b) Administer 5 to 10 IU by slow i.v. injection; c) Administer 5 to 10 IU by i.m. injection. OXYTOCIN (Pitocin®, Syntocinon®) is a natural hormone produced in the brain that causes the uterus to contract. Oxytocin can be used when labor needs to be induced or during labor if the contractions are not strong enough to progress normally. It is also used to control bleeding after childbirth. Oxytocin also can help to stimulate contractions if there is an incomplete abortion or miscarriage. Generic oxytocin injections are available. What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine? They need to know if you have any of these conditions: • breech, placenta previa, or other abnormal position of the fetus or umbilical cord • cervical cancer • eclampsia • herpes infection • more than 7 pregnancies • premature delivery • previous uterine surgery (including cesarean section) • prolapsed uterus • an unusual or allergic reaction to oxytocin, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives How should I use this medicine? Oxytocin is for injection into a muscle or infusion into a vein. It is given by a health-care professional in a hospital or clinic setting where uterine contractions, mother's blood pressure and mother's and baby's heart rates can be monitored regularly, and where emergency measures can be taken immediately, if needed. What drug(s) may interact with oxytocin? Oxytocin can interact with some other medicines. Your condition will be carefully monitored while you receive oxytocin. Tell your prescriber or health care professional about all other medicines you are taking, including non-prescription medicines, nutritional supplements, or herbal products. Also tell your prescriber or health care professional if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol, if you smoke, or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines. What should I watch for while taking oxytocin? Your condition will be closely monitored while you receive oxytocin. Before you administer oxytocin, look at the solution closely. It should be clear and free of floating material. Gently squeeze the bag or observe the solution container to make sure there are no leaks. Do not use the solution if it is discolored, if it contains particles, or if the bag or container leaks. Use a new solution, but show the damaged one to your health care provider. It is important that you use your medication exactly as directed. Do not change your dosing schedule without talking to your health care provider. Your health care provider may tell you to stop your infusion if you have a mechanical problem (such as a blockage in the tubing, needle, or catheter); if you have to stop an infusion, call your health care provider immediately so your therapy can continue. Oxytocin is a nine amino acid peptide hormone synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Oxytocin is often bound to neurophysin (a carrier protein) as shown in the inset of the figure. GoldBamboo OXYTOCIN (Pitocin®, Syntocinon®) is a natural hormone produced in the brain that causes the uterus to contract. Oxytocin can be used when labor needs to be induced or during labor if the contractions are not strong enough to progress normally. It is also used to control bleeding after childbirth. Oxytocin also can help to stimulate contractions if there is an incomplete abortion or miscarriage. Antepartum: Pitocin is indicated for the initiation or improvement of uterine contractions, where this is desirable and considered suitable for reasons of fetal or maternal concern, in order to achieve vaginal delivery. It is indicated for (1) induction of labor in patients with a medical indication for the initiation of labor, such as Rh problems, maternal diabetes, preeclampsia at or near term, when delivery is in the best interests of mother and fetus or when membranes are prematurely ruptured and delivery is indicated; (2) stimulation or reinforcement of labor, as in selected cases of uterine inertia; (3) as adjunctive therapy in the management of incomplete or inevitable abortion. In the first trimester, curettage is generally considered primary therapy. In second trimester abortion, oxytocin infusion will often be successful in emptying the uterus. Other means of therapy, however, may be required in such cases. This medicine is given by injection (shot) to help start or strengthen labor. It is also used to reduce bleeding after delivery. Greenfield Pharmaceutical (Jiang Su) Co., Ltd is a joint venture which set up in August 2002. The origin of which is Taizhou biochemical pharmaceutical company (set up in 1970). The company is engaged in development, manufacture and sales of tablets, capsules, granules, small volume injections, pharmaceutical raw material coenzyme Q10, chondroitin sulphate, and cytochromum C. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Uterine motility depends on the formation of the contractile protein actomyosin under the influence of the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylating enzyme myosin light-chain kinase. Oxytocin promotes contractions by increasing the intracellular Ca2+. Oxytocin has specific receptors in the myometrium and the receptor concentration increases greatly during pregnancy, reaching a maximum in early labor at term. The response to a given dose of oxytocin is very individualized and depends on the sensitivity of the uterus, which is determined by the oxytocin receptor concentration. However, the physician should be aware of the fact that oxytocin even in its pure form has inherent pressor and antidiuretic properties which may become manifest when large doses are administered. These properties are thought to be due to the fact that oxytocin and vasopressin differ in regard to only two of the eight amino acids (see PRECAUTIONS section). Oxytocin is distributed throughout the extracellular fluid. Small amounts of the drug probably reach the fetal circulation. Oxytocin has a plasma half-life of about 1 to 6 minutes which is decreased in late pregnancy and during lactation. Following intravenous administration of oxytocin, uterine response occurs almost immediately and subsides within 1 hour. Following intramuscular injection of the drug, uterine response occurs within 3 to 5 minutes and persists for 2 to 3 hours. Its rapid removal from plasma is accomplished largely by the kidney and the liver. Only small amounts are excreted in urine unchanged. Oxytocin acts directly on the smooth musculature of the uterus in all species to induce rhythmic contractions, although in some species the uterine cervix does not respond to oxytocin. The responsiveness of the uterine musculature to oxytocin varies greatly with the stage of the reproductive cycle. During the early phases of pregnancy the uterus is relatively insensitive to the effects of oxytocin, while in the late phases the sensitivity is markedly increased. Most authorities attribute this varying response to the varying levels of estrogen and progesterone during the course of pregnancy. Oxytocin also has been shown to exert a milk ejecting effect, occasionally referred to as the galactogogic effect. The actual mechanism by which oxytocin stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands is not known with certainty, but oxytocin is presumed to act on certain smooth muscle elements in the gland. |
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